BURIAL WITH TWO HORSES DATED BY THE EPOCHS OF THE TURKIC KAGANATS FROM THE GORNYI-10 NECROPOLIS (Northern Altai)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2019)2(26).-02Keywords:
early Middle Ages, necropolis, forest-steppe Altai, burial rite, chronology, Turkic kaganateAbstract
The article presents the publication of materials from the excavations of the grave 10 of the Gorny-10 necropolis located in the Krasnogorsk region of the Altai Krai. The authors concern a detailed description of the research results, including a description of the burial rite and the accompanying inventory. It was established that the analyzed complex shows both general characteristics, traditional for the population of the Forest-Steppe Altai in the era of the Turkic kaganates, and a number of rare indicators. The latter include such an element of the ceremony as the burial of two horses – the only case to date, noted in the sites of Forrest-Steppe Altai of the beginning of early Middle Ages. More “standard” features of the ritual are the orientation of the deceased person in the northwestern sector of the horizon and the location of the nearbydog. The authors assume a fairly high lifetime position of the deceased person in society, as evidenced by not only the designated ritual indicators, but also a representative subject complex. Analysis of the inventory allows determining the dating of grave no.10 within the framework of the end of the 6th – 7th centuries AD. Clarification of the chronology of this object is associated with further processing and interpretation of materials from the excavation of the Gorny-10 necropolis.
Downloads
References
Abdulganeev M.T. Krasnogorskij rajon v drevnosti [The Krasnogorsky District in Antiquity]. Sohranenie i izuchenie kul’turnogo nasledija Altajskogo kraja [Preservation and Study of the Cultural Heritage of the Altai Territory]. Barnaul : Izd-vo Alt. un-ta, 2007. Issue XVI. Pp. 237–304.
Abdulganeev M.T., Gorbunov V.V., Kazakov A.A. Novye mogil’niki vtoroj poloviny I tysjacheletija n.je. v urochishhe Blizhnie Elbany [New Burial Grounds of the Second Half of the 1st Millennium AD in the Middle Elbany Tract]. Voennoe delo i srednevekovaja arheologija Central’noj Azii [Military Affairs and Medieval Archaeology of Central Asia]. Kemerovo : KemGU, 1995. Pp. 243–252.
Abdulganeev M.T., Stepanova N.F. Issledovanija na mogil’nike Gornyj 10 (Severnyj Altaj) [Studies at the Gorny 10 Burial (Northern Altai)]. Problemy arheologii, jetnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredel’nyh territorij [Problems of Archaeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and Adjacent Territories. Novosibirsk: In-t arheologii i etnografii SO RAN, 2001. Vol. VII. Pp. 216–219.
Abdulganeev M.T., Stepanova N.F. Raskopki u pos. Gornyj na Severnom Altae [Excavations at the Gorny Village in Northern Altai]. Problemy arheologii, jetnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredel’nyh territorij [Problems of Archaeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and Adjacent Territories]. Novosibirsk: In-t arheologii i etnografii SO RAN, 2002. Vol. VIII. Pp. 220–223.
Alehin Ju.P., Gel’mel’ Ju.I. Kurgan gunno-sarmatskogo vremeni u s. Ust’-Pustynka Krasnoshhekovskogo rajona [The Xiongnu Sarmation Barrow near the Ust-Pustynka Village of the Krasnoshchekovsky District]. Ohrana i issledovanija arheologicheskih pamjatnikov Altaja [Protection and Research of Archaeological Sites of Altai]. Barnaul : BGPI, 1991. Pp. 94–96.
Belikova O.B., Pletneva L.M. Pamjatniki Tomskogo Priob’ja v V–VIII vv. n.je [The Sites of Tomsk Priobye in the 5th – 8th Centuries AD]. Tomsk : TGU, 1983. 244 p.
Gavrilova A.A. Mogil’nik Kudyrgje kak istochnik po istorii altajskih plemen [The Kudyrge Burial as a Source on the History of the Altai Tribes]. M. ; L. : Nauka, 1965. 146 p.
Goldina R.D. Lomovatovskaja kul’tura v Verhnem Prikam’e [Lomovatov Culture in the Upper Kama Region]. Irkutsk : Izd-vo Irkutskogo universiteta, 1985. 280 p.
Goldina R.D., Vodolago N.V. Mogil’niki nevolinskoj kul’tury v Priural’e [The Burial Grounds of the Nevolinsk Culture in the Urals]. Irkutsk : Izd-vo Irkut. un-ta, 1990. 176 p.
Goldina R.D., Pastushenko I.Ju., Chernyh E.M. Bartymskij kompleks pamjatnikov jepohi srednevekov’ja v Sylvenskom porech’e [The Bartym Complex of the Sites of the Middle Ages in the Sylvinsky Region]. Izhevsk ; Perm’ : UdSU, 2011. 340 p.
Gorbunov V.V. Processy tjurkizacii na juge Zapadnoj Sibiri v rannem srednevekov’e [The Processes of Turkization in the South of Western Siberia in the Early Middle Ages]. Istoricheskij opyt hozjajstvennogo i kul’turnogo osvoenija Zapadnoj Sibiri [Historical Experience of the Economic and Cultural Development of Western Siberia]. Barnaul : Izd-vo Alt. un-ta, 2003. Bool I. Pp. 37–42.
Gorbunov V.V. Jetnokul’turnaja situacija na territorii Lesostepnogo Altaja v jepohu «velikogo pereselenija narodov» [Ethnocultural Situation on the Territory of the Forest-Steppe Altai in the Era of the “Great Migration of Peoples”]. Kompleksnye issledovanija drevnih i tradicionnyh obshhestv Evrazii [Complex Studies of Ancient and Traditional Societies of Eurasia]. Barnaul : Izd-vo Alt. un-ta, 2004. Pp. 92–95.
Gorbunov V.V. Voennoe delo naselenija Altaja v III–XIV vv. Ch. II: Nastupatel’noe vooruzhenie (oruzhie) [Military Affairs of the Altai Population in the 3rd – 14th Centuries. Part II: Offensive Armament (weapon)]. Barnaul: Izd-vo Alt. un-ta, 2006. 232 p.
Gorbunov V.V., Rudometov P.L. Srednevekovye pamjatniki v okrestnostjah s. Kiprino [Medieval Sites in the Vicinity of Kiprino]. Sohranenie i izuchenie kul’turnogo nasledija Altajskogo kraja [Preservation and Study of the Cultural Heritage of the Altai Territory]. Barnaul : BGPU, 2003. Issue XIII. Pp. 52–57.
Gorbunov V.V., Tishkin A.A., Frolov Ja.V. Redkoe pogrebenie odincovskoj kul’tury na pamjatnike Strashnyj Jar-1 v Barnaul’skom Priob’e [Rare Burial of the Odintsovo Culture on the Strashny Yar Site in the Barnaul Priobye]. Kul’tury i narody Severnoj Evrazii: vzgljad skvoz’ vremja [Cultures and Peoples of Northern Eurasia: a Look through Time]. Tomsk : D`Print, 2017. Pp. 106–110.
Grjaznov M.P. Istorija drevnih plemen Verhnej Obi po raskopkam bliz s. Bol’shaja Rechka [The History of the Ancient Tribes of the Upper Ob on the Excavations near the Big River Village]. M. ; L. : Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1956. 162 p. (MIA №48).
Egorov Ja.V. Novoe issledovanie pogrebenija voina jepohi velikogo pereselenija narodov na Altae [A New Study of the Burial of a Warrior of the Period of the Great Migration of Peoples in the Altai]. Kul’tura drevnih narodov Juzhnoj Sibiri [Culture of the Ancient Peoples of Southern Siberia]. Barnaul : Izd-vo Alt. un-ta, 1993. S. 77–80.
Zubova A.V., Kubarev G.V. Kraniologicheskaja harakteristika rannesrednevekovogo naselenija Gornogo Altaja po materialam mogil’nika Kudyrgje [Craniological Characteristics of the Early Medieval Population of the Altai Mountains according to the Materials of the Kudyrge Burial Ground]. Vestnik arheologii, antropologii i jetnografii [Bulletin of Archaeology, Anthropology and Ethnography]. 2015. №4 (31) Pp. 80–87.
Iljushin A.M. Mogil’nik Saratovka: publikacija materialov i opyt jetnoarheologicheskogo issledovanija [The Saratovka Burial Ground: the Publication of Materials and Experience of Ethno-Archaeological research]. Kemerovo : Izd-vo KuzGTU, 1999. 160 p.
Kazakov A.A. Odincovskaja kul’tura Barnaul’sko-Bijskogo Priob’ja [The Odintsovo Culture of the Barnaul-Biysk Priobye]. Barnaul : BJuI MVD Rossii, 2014. 152 p.
Kazakov A.A., Kazakova O.M. O centrah kul’turogeneza na juge Zapadnoj Sibiri v pervom tysjacheletii nashej jery [About the Centers of Cultural Genesis in the South of Western Siberia in the 1st AD]. Izvestija Altajskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta [News of Altai State University]. 2016. №4 (92). Pp. 238–242.
Kirjushin Ju.F., Gorbunov V.V., Stepanova N.F., Tishkin A.A. Drevnetjurkskie kurgany mogil’nika Tytkesken’-VI [Ancient Türkic Mounds of the Tytkkesken-VI Burial Ground]. Drevnosti Altaja [Altai Antiquities]. 1998. №3. Pp. 165–175.
Kiselev S.V. Materialy arheologicheskoj jekspedicii v Minusinskij kraj v 1928 g. [Materials of the Archaeological Expedition to the Minusinsk Region in 1928]. Ezhegodnik gos. muzeja im. N.M. Mart’janova v g. Minusinske. 1929. T. IV. Vyp. 2 [Yearbook of the Martyanov State Museum in the City of Minusinsk. 1929. Vol. IV. Issue 2]. Pp. 1–162.
Kljashtornyj S.G., Savinov D.G. Stepnye imperii drevnej Evrazii [Steppe Empires of Ancient Eurasia]. SPb. : Filologicheskij fakul’tet SPbGU, 2005. 346 p.
Kondrashov A.V. Tradicija zahoronenija sobak v srostkinskoj kul’ture [Tradition of Burial of Dogs in the Srostkino Culture]. Tradicionnye kul’tury i obshhestva Central’noj Azii (s drevnejshih vremen do sovremennosti) [Traditional Cultures and Societies of Central Asia (from ancient times to modern times)]. Kemerovo : KemGU, 2004. Pp. 264–265.
Kubarev G.V. Kul’tura drevnih tjurok Altaja (po materialam pogrebal’nyh pamjatnikov) [The Culture of the Ancient Turks of Altai (according to the materials of funerary monuments)]. Novosibirsk : In-t arheologii i etnografii SO RAN, 2005. 400 p.
Kuznecov N.A. Sobaka kak social’nyj marker v srednevekovyh kurganah Juzhnoj Sibiri [The Dog as a Social Marker in Medieval Barrows of Southern Siberia]. Social’naja organizacija i sociogenez pervobytnyh obshhestv: teorija, metodologija, interpretacija [Social Organization and Sociogenesis of Primitive Societies: Theory, Methodology, Interpretation]. Kemerovo : Kuzbassvuzizdat, 1997. Pp. 85–88.
Kyzlasov L.R. Kurgany srednevekovyh hakasov (askizskaja kul’tura) [Mounds of Medieval Khakas (Askiz culture)]. Pervobytnaja arheologija Sibiri [Primitive Archaeology of Siberia]. L. : Nauka, 1975. Pp. 193–211.
Levina L.M. Jetnokul’turnaja istorija Vostochnogo Priaral’ja. I tys. do n.je. – I tys. n.je. [Ethnocultural History of Eastern Priaralye. The 1st Millennium BC – the 1st I thousand AD]. М. : Vostochnaja literatura, 1996. 396 p.
Mamadakov Ju.T., Gorbunov V.V. Drevnetjurkskie kurgany mogil’nika Katanda-III [Ancient Turkic Barrows of the Katanda-III Burial Ground]. Izvestija laboratorii arheologii [News of the Laboratory of Archaeology]. Gorno-Altajsk : GAGU, 1997. Pp. 115–129.
Matrenin S.S. Psalii kochevnikov Altaja hunnusko-sjan’bijsko-zhuzhanskogo vremeni: klassifikacija i tipologija [Nomadic Psalms of the Altai of the Xiongnu-Syanbi-Juzhan Time: Classification and Typology]. Izvestija Altajskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2018. №2 [News of Altai State University. 2018. №2]. Pp. 167–173.
Mogil’nikov V.A. Kul’tovye kol’cevye ogradki i kurgany Kara-Koby-I [Religious Ring Fences and Mounds of Kara-Koba-I]. Arheologicheskie i fol’klornye istochniki po istorii Altaja [Archaeological and Folklore Sources on the History of Altai]. Gorno-Altajsk : GANIIIJaL, 1994. Pp. 94–116.
Neverov S.V. Kostjanye prjazhki srostkinskoj kul’tury (VIII–X vv.) [Bone Buckles of the Srosrkinskaya Culture (8th – 10th centuries)]. Altaj v jepohu kamnja i rannego metalla [Altai in the Era of Stone and Early Metal]. Barnaul : Izd-vo Alt. un-ta, 1985. Pp. 192–206.
Neverov S.V. Udila vtoroj poloviny I tys. n.je. Verhnego Priob’ja (klassifikacija i tipologija) [The Bit of the 2nd Half of the 1st Millennium AD Upper Ob River (classification and typology)]. Voprosy arheologii
Altaya i Zapadnoj Sibiri epohi metalla [Questions of Archaeology of Altai and Western Siberia of the Metal Epoch]. Barnaul : BGPI, 1992. Pp. 141–155.
Ovchinnikova B.B. Tjurkskie drevnosti Sajano-Altaja v VI–X vv. [Turkic Antiquities of Sayano-Altai in the 6th – 10th Centuries]. Sverdlovsk : Izd-vo Ural. un-ta, 1990. 223 p.
Poseljanin A.I., Kirginekov Je.N., Tarakanov V.V. Issledovanie srednevekovogo mogil’nika Belyj Jar-II [Study of the Medieval Burial Ground Bely Yar-II]. Evrazija: kul’turnoe nasledie drevnih civilizacij [Eurasia: the Cultural Heritage of Ancient Civilizations]. Novosibirsk : NGU, 1999. Issue 2. Pp. 88–116.
Raspopova V.I. Metallicheskie izdelija rannesrednevekovogo Sogda [Metal Products of the Early Medieval Sogd]. L. : Nauka, 1980. 139 p.
Savinov D.G. Drevnetjurkskie kurgany Uzuntala (k voprosu o vydelenii kurajskoj kul’tury) [Ancient Turkic Burial Mounds of Uzuntalya (on the issue of the allocation of Qurai culture)]. Arheologija Severnoj Azii [Archaeology of Northern Asia]. Novosibirsk : Nauka, 1982. Pp. 102–122.
Savinov D.G. Kudyrginskij predmetnyj kompleks na Severnom Altae (po materialam Osinkinskogo mogil’nika) [Kudyrginsky Subject Complex in Northern Altai (based on materials from the Osinka cemetery)]. Pamjatniki drevnetjurkskoj kul’tury v Sajano-Altae i Central’noj Azii [The Sites of the Ancient Turkic Culture in Sayano-Altai and Central Asia]. Novosibirsk : NGU, 2000. Pp. 170–177.
Savinov D.G., Novikov A.V., Rosljakov S.G. Verhnee Priob’e na rubezhe jepoh (basandajskaja kul’tura) [Priobye at the Turn of the Era (Basanda culture)]. Novosibirsk : In-t arheologii i etnografii SO RAN, 2008. 424 p.
Seregin N.N. Pogrebal’nyj ritual kochevnikov tjurkskoj kul’tury Sajano-Altaja [The Funeral Ritual of the Nomads of the Turkic Culture of the Sayan-Altai]. Vestnik NGU. Ser.: Istorija, filologija. 2010. T. 9.
Vyp. 5: Arheologija i jetnografija [Bulletin of NSU. Ser.: History, Philology. 2010. T. 9. Vol. 5: Archaeology and Ethnography]. Pp. 171–180.
Seregin N.N., Matrenin S.S. Pogrebal’nyj obrjad kochevnikov Altaja vo II v. do n.je. – XI v. n.je. [The Funeral Rite of the Nomads of Altai in the 2nd BC – 11th Century AD]. Barnaul : Izd-vo Alt. un-ta, 2016. 272 p.
Soenov V.I. Udila i psalii gunno-sarmatskogo vremeni Gornogo Altaja [Bits and Psals of the Xiongnu- Sarmatian Time of the Altai Mountains]. Snarjazhenie verhovogo konja na Altae v rannem zheleznom veke i srednevekov’e [Equipment for the Riding Horse in Altai in the Early Iron Age and the Middle Ages]. Barnaul: Izd-vo Alt. un-ta, 1998. Pp. 93–98.
Stepanova N.F., Abdulganeev M.T. Raskopki na Severnom Altayе [Excavations in Northern Altai]. AO 2002. M. : Nauka, 2003. Pp. 407–408.
Surazakov A.S. Ob arheologicheskih issledovanijah v Gornom Altae [On Archaeological Research in the Altai Mountains]. Arheologija i jetnografija Altaja [Archaeology and Ethnography of Altai]. Barnaul : Izd-vo Alt. un-ta, 1982. Pp. 121–136.
Tishkin A.A., Gorbunov V.V. Kul’turno-hronologicheskie shemy izuchenija istorii srednevekovyh kochevnikov Altaja [Cultural and Chronological Schemes for Studying the History of the Medieval Nomads of Altai]. Drevnosti Altaja [Antiquities of Altai]. Gorno-Altajsk : GAGU, 2002. №9. Pp. 82–91.
Tishkin A.A., Gorbunov V.V. Rannetjurkskoe pogrebenie na mogil’nike Jakonur (po materialam raskopok M.P. Grjaznova) [Еarly Turkic Burial at the Yakonur Burial Gground (based on the excavations of M. Gryaznov)]. Drevnosti Altaja [Antiquities of Altai]. Gorno-Altajsk : GAGU, 2003. №10. Pp. 107–117.
Tishkin A.A., Gorbunov V.V., Gorbunova T.G. Altaj v epohu srednevekov'ya: illyustrirovannyj istoricheskij atlas [Altai in the Medieval Period: Illustrated Historical Atlas] . Barnaul: ARTIKA. 2011. 136 p.
Trifonov Ju.I. Pamjatniki drevnetjurkskogo vremeni v Central’noj Tuve [The Sites of Ancient Turkic Time in Central Tuva]. Drevnie tjurki v Central’noj Tuve (po materialam rabot Sajano-Tuvinskoj jekspedicii) [Ancient Turks in Central Tuva (based on materials from the Sayano-Tuva Expedition)]. SPb. : JelekSis, 2013. Pp. 13–114.
Troitskaya T.N., Novikov A.V. Verhneobskaja kul’tura v Novosibirskom Priob’e [Upper Ob Culture in Novosibirsk Priobye]. Novosibirsk : In-t arheologii i etnografii SO RAN, 1998. 152 p.
Tur S.S., Matrenin S.S., Soenov V.I. Vooruzhennoe nasilie u skotovodov Gornogo Altaja gunno-sarmatskogo vremeni [Armed Violence among the Cattle Breeders of the Altai Mountains of the Xiongnu-Sarmatian Period]. Arheologija, jetnografija i antropologija Evrazii [Archaeology, Ethnography and Anthropology of Eurasia]. 2018. №4. Pp. 132–139.
Umanskij A.P. Mogil’niki verhneobskoj kul’tury na Verhnem Chumyshe [The Burial Grounds of the Upper Ob Culture in the Upper Chumysh]. Bronzovyj i zheleznyj vek Sibiri [Bronze and Iron Age of Siberia]. Novosibirsk : Nauka, 1974. Pp. 136–149.
Umanskij A.P. Pamjatniki jepohi «Velikogo pereselenija narodov» na Altae [The Sites of the Era of the “Great Migration of Peoples” in Altai]. Uralo-Altaistika. Arheologija, jetnografija, jazyk [Ural-Altaistika. Archaeology, Ethnography, Language]. Novosibirsk : Nauka, 1985. Pp. 55–63.
Fribus A.V., Grushin S.P., Sajbert V.O., Trusova E.V. Problemy hronologii drevnih i srednevekovyh kompleksov mogil’nika Chumysh-Perekat v Zapadnom Prisalair’e [Problems of Chronology of Ancient and Medieval Complexes of the Chumysh-Perekate Burial in the Western Prisalair]. Sovremennye resheniya aktual’nyh problem evrazijskoj arheologii [Modern Solutions of Actual Problems of Eurasian Archaeology]. Barnaul : Izd-vo Alt. un-ta, 2018. Issue 2. Pp. 42–47.
Hudjakov Ju.S. Drevnetjurkskoe pogrebenie na mogil’nike Teren-Kel’ [Ancient Turkic Burial at the Teren-Kel Cemetery]. Gumanitarnye nauki v Sibiri [Humanities in Siberia]. 1999. №3. Pp. 21–26.
Chindina L.A. Mogil’nik Rjolka na Srednej Obi [The Cemetery of Ryolka on the Middle Ob]. Tomsk : TGU, 1977. 192 p.
Chindina L.A. Istorija Srednego Priob’ja v jepohu rannego srednevekov’ja (rjolkinskaja kul’tura) [The History of Middle Ob in the Era of the Early Middle Ages (Relkin culture)]. Tomsk : TGU, 1991. 184 p.